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Expanding the tax base in Malawi, what should be done?

Government recently announced plans to broaden the tax base as one of its development policy agenda. As a developing nation, Malawi’s fiscal budget is financed by tax revenue supplemented by, among others, donor funds and domestic and external loans. In the 2010/2011 Budget government scaled down the expected funding from donors and increased funding from the local resource base. This implied more tax revenue needed to finance the deficit previously provided by donor support and this can be achieved by increasing tax rates and enlarging the tax net.

Government faces dilemma on how to deepen the tax base while not over taxing people thereby exacerbating the poverty problem. In addition, higher domestic income and expenditure taxes will eventually deter investment.

The view is that Malawi domestic tax base can be broadened in order to lessening the burden of those currently heavily taxed. This includes identifying the sectors that can be included to enhance tax revenue with minimal backfiring consequences; identifying means by which tax evasion might be reduced or eliminated; and exploring the administrative issues to facilitate tax servicing. The rationale is that a narrow tax base could lead to higher taxes on a few commodities, hence heavy incidences of tax evasion. This is not a desired scenario.

Question 1

Which additional sectors must be taxed?

Question 2

What would be the stakeholder implications?

Question 3

How can tax evasion and avoidance be reduced?

Question 4

What are the alternative means of broadening tax base?


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Comments

I think governemnt  should

I think governemnt  should find ways of taxing the vendor. they are free riders.

Vendors should also be taxed!

Vendors should also be taxed! I remember in Kamuzu days everyone above 18 used to be taxed a little something and as such the tax burden on middle-income workers was not as heavy as nowadays!

The Malawi Revenue Authority

The Malawi Revenue Authority tax collection system should also be strengthened!

Thanks Ben, any suggested

Thanks Ben, any suggested ways on how MRA should be strengthened?

Considering the government

Considering the government initiative of flea markets, I think it's possible to tax vendors. Otherwise, since vendors' businesses are not quite formalised, this may be practically difficult. In fact, won't Malawians refer to the move as a return to the MCP terror days whereby it required enforcement for people to remit? Also, most vendors are saying the flea markets are not large enough and not adaptable to certain commodities (e.g. kaunjika). You will also note that in areas where there are flea markets, not all vendors are inside it.

Nonetheless, it's important that vendors be taxed as their businesses, though small on individual level, are huge on collective level.

You are very right that

You are very right that Malawians will refer to that move to the thosed dreaded past times. This means that taxing vendors will require some special mechanism which unfortunately means that putting them into flea markets is not an option. So the question remains: how should vendors be taxed?

The informal sector must be

The informal sector must be formalised so we can hv more people contributing to the govt coffers

What are the steps the

What are the steps the government can do to formalize the informal sector? I just read in the weekend paper, Malawi News, that tailors in Blantyre have formed there own association. Is this the way to go?

Among other things, i believe

Among other things, i believe the tax base can be increased by the

  • Government motivating player who are active in the economy. At the moment there are companies and individuals who are paying income tax and corporation tax, however if these are not motivated, they will for example move to overseas whether as companies or individuals(thereby reducing the tax base). also, if for instance the health facilities are not improved, alot of well paid workers who also contribute to the tax base will die unnecessarily
  • talking about including the informal sector in the tax bracket, i believe the starting point should be to ensure that everything must be documented. for instance the population must be registered and computerised, economic activities must be documented by ensuring that the banking system is used in all economic transctions. business registrations must be computerised and linked to MRA
  •  

The only problem is that

The only problem is that government concentrates on formal sectors and leaves out the informal sectors. The governments forgets that people in malawi are putting much reliance on informal businesses because they know they are heavily taxed formally. If the government and MRA could embark on moving door to door campaign to see how many businesses are in the homes and not paying taxes, they will be shocked. We see alot of houses with placards, saying we sell ABCD and people flock to these places because they are convenient places. There are hawkers which are operating in homes and not even paying any tax at all. People have got mansions all over offered to let but they do not remit taxes. On the other hand we see so much illegal businesses like prostitution which the government is failing to contain. No matter how these street ladies are cornered by police or authorities, the reality is that prostitution is there and will be there. A big junk of money is being held by prostitutes because everyday they chase where there is money. Much such government wouldnt legalise prostitution, I feel there is need to have prostitutes pay taxes. They are earning from the society but not paying back to it. Otherwise, people will continue doing it and rob off the government because these people display their businesses in public roads and do te act in some other government owned structures. The Malawian society have recently resulted into running away from paying taxes and thats why the government brings in measures like the one recently introduced. Its painful to pay tax but its everyones responsibility to do so.
I would suggest that a campaign be introduced by government or MRA to move door to door and see how many people and/or businesses are not remitting taxes. That way the government will be able to introduce measure to suit everyone.

ASSOCIATIONS. That's a good

ASSOCIATIONS. That's a good idea. I think it is MOAM, for example, which has brought some formalisation to the minibus sector. The association is able to enforce tax remittance on behalf of government. I also remember a time last year when another grouping was formed claiming to be a new association for minibus owners. This, of course, has died a silent death but it compels us to say that each association must be strengthened and supported if it is to have control over the membership. Otherwise, if a person running a business can choose to stay outside the association without any consequence of delineation, such formalisation may fail to yield fruits.

On motivation, could it be

On motivation, could it be offering tax breaks for some teething years? Or reduced taxation to ensure reaping from long-term sustainability? It's true that companies move to other countries where taxes are low OR might stay at optimal level in Malawi while heavily investing in other countries.

On documentation, I wish to agree that infrastructural systems are the way to go although I envisage that such centralisation might result into more government control, thus defeating the meaning of democracy; hence, being abused by an authoritarian government.

It's unfair for a formally

It's unfair for a formally employed person receiving K40000 per month gross to be taxed while a small-time chicken raiser making K20000 a week is not taxed. It seems the former is suffering from "being known and registered" and the latter is reaping from the fruits of being "informal".

The re-introduction of the

The re-introduction of the tax famously known as 'msonkho' for all men above 18 years old would be a welcome development. I also think increasing tax on cigarrettes and alcohol (as much they just did) would help. Alcohol is quite cheap.

Exactly..Thats Why this

Exactly..Thats Why this year's tax measures have transfered the tax burden to the formal sector. Much as consultations were done during the pre-budget sessions, what people suggested were not taken into account. Later on we start throwing insults to the donors. Then bring such burdens to the tax payer yet there are alot of other non tax payers out there who are doing businesses free lance. Some of these businesses are briefcase ones. We see women coming to our various offices selling shirts and suits and we humbly give them business. At the end of the month you pay tax whilst that business lady  doesnt pay any income tax. They could be married women and the Taxation Act states that all wifes earned income is deemed to be husbands income and should be assessed together when remitting taxes. How many married men in Malawi have their wife's income assessed together? You find its a few if at they are there.
The formal sector is indeed suffering at the expense of the informal. If we look at Minibus business as an example. Other than the trading licenses and road taxes, do these businesses pay tax. Do the owners assess Income taxes and remit it to MRA. These people are using infrastures built by government but they go away with it.
Malawi as a government needs to review its various documentations at all angles an set a record straight as to measures of setting up businesses. We talk of wealth distribution but the way Malawi is operating, it is not wealth distribution at all. It is reaping off the formal sector.
VERY VERY UNFAIR INDEED!!!

Thats an important point

Thats an important point Chimpele. And when its Alcohol, it should be all alcohol types. Even that Kachasu lady should pay that Tax. She produces Alcohol and sells in the vircinities yet does not remit MRA tax. That tax cake should be shared amongst everyone and not only the formal sector.
 

and looking our unepmloyment

and looking our unepmloyment rate, which is also increasing, thanx to MRA's retrenchment and other organizations, we can't rely on such few numbers of people to develop this country. Were it not for the corruption that has infected the coutry, maybe the resources could be approaching the needed ammount. Vendors should come and help. They make lots of money only to pay K50 per day as a market fee. Can you rent a commercial building @ K50 a day?

Talking about Alcohol in the

Talking about Alcohol in the villages, Iam just thinking the mechanism that could work to have these involved. could formation of village tax commitees work? will we involve the same tax collectors in the local markets work? will the chiefs do the collection?

FREE PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION

FREE PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION should be abolished. Let any primary school pupil pay MK100 per term.As some of us are aware, in 1994 the United Democratic Front (UDF), the elected democratic ruling party, introduced the Free Primary Education (FPE) policy. UDF used this policy during its campaign to gain support from the poor masses and it promised to waive fees for all primary school students. There was a lot of excitement when UDF finally erased fees for all primary school children. Enrolment rates rose from 1.9 million to 3.2 million pupils. The UDF government argued that the policy of FPE brought financial relief for parents, since 60% of rural Malawians were categorized as poor. If we put back the primary school fees, the government will get mk300 annually for each pupil. Total amount will be mk300 x 3200000=MK960MILLION PER YEAR.

You are right guys, there is

You are right guys, there is huge potential loss of revenue from the informal sector. I suggest even the land lords should also be remitting taxes otherwise housing has turn out to be a hot business especially in the cities. however government/MRA ought to  reinforce the system for collecting informal sector tax.  Chronically the tax collecting framework especially for the informal business is challenged by factors such as lack of stability and identity of the small scale businesses, weak enforcement by the tax collecting body, rampant corruption by tax collectors, payers not satified with the services funded by their taxes etc. you will agree with me that unless  these factors are seriously addresed, it will be difficult for MRA to collect the desired tax. 

never introduce new taxes as

never introduce new taxes as a form of broadening tax base but focus on how to capture more on the tax net!! But relook at the basics first. why do we have more tax evasions? Generally there are not fewer exemptions in Malawi and some people would want to find ways of making sure they run away from paying taxes as well. which means tax system may not be fair
 

In other words, inefficiency

In other words, inefficiency is the reason current situation is as it is. If MRA is efficient in the process, it can collect more from same base and reduce costs, hence organically increase its revenues. I hope that's what you mean.

Good idea. I support it.

Good idea. I support it. Wonder if free primary education has indeed produced notable gains in excess of the social costs.

I like your ideas Charles.

I like your ideas Charles. The chiefs can even do that with the help of MRA. MRA usually says they have enough stationery and I believe giving local chiefs sufficient training to administer taxes would also assist.
People who trade in markets pay the popularly known chiphaso. The same concept could work on taxes and only with MRA printed stationery.

and not only that, most of

and not only that, most of them evade the K50!

To me I feel MRA targets the

To me I feel MRA targets the working class and a few business fraternity. Looking at the current situation for instance, the 3% withholding tax on supplies of goods and services and on tobacco sales, MRA is definately pernalising a few individuals who are sweating badly to get their wealth. We work in closed offices tirelessly to make ends meet but the burden still emains the tax element. We work and pay for other people's taxes. HOW? We give business to incredible businessmen, especially those operating briefcase businesses and those who are event operating illegal businesses.

Its because there is no

Its because there is no proper control of the system.

Good point Chimpele - so u're

Good point Chimpele - so u're around. Since alcohol and cigarette consumption look to be price and income inelastic, they are culpable of taxation. And if this can be spread to the rural areas, we have a lot to gain. But I believe there won't be political will to re-introduce msonkho.

Do you have the evidence that

Do you have the evidence that MOAM remits the Taxes to MRA? And how are the Bus conductors and drivers assessed? Do you think the money they claim they receive per month is accurate and right? Do you know that minibus drivers work toward their bosses targets and that is MK5,000 per day? But I guarantee you they make more than that and that money in not assessed. At the main depots, are their log books or registers for the minibuses and buses that come their. because a logbook is what would determine the whole assessment. These days every bus has its route and its easy to determine the revenue one would make. The issue of receipts. But how many board buses and asks for receipts? NONE. We only think a receipt is mportant on long trips forgeting that it is a control measure. And it is of significant importance for even local trips.

I  dont agree to what Hope is

I  dont agree to what Hope is suggesting. Govt can introduce  taxes to some sectors that are not paying taxes now. I feel  that village people are more civic now that they cannot resist paying a MK50 tax per year. we have systems in the village. Community police, VDCs aand the like  which can be used to colect village taxes. all govt needs to do is to make sure the txes are not very high to attract evasions.